The Phubbing Scale (PS-8) in the Portuguese population: psychometric properties

Phubbing is defined as ignoring other individuals by using a mobile phone during a face-to-face conversation. The Phubbing Scale (PS) was developed to assess this practice. In this study, we analyze the psychometric properties of the 8-item version of the PS (PS-8) in the Portuguese population, providing validity evidence based on internal structure and on relationships with other variables, and examining item properties, reliability, and measurement invariance across gender. Participants were 391 Portuguese adults (132 men, 259 women) who completed a battery of questionnaires. Confirmatory factor analysis yielded satisfactory goodness-of-fit indices for the two-factor structure (communication disturbance and phone obsession), which was invariant across gender. Item homogeneity and reliability of factor scores (McDonald's omega) were satisfactory. Validity evidence based on relationships with other variables was provided by positive associations with time spent on the Internet on weekdays and at the weekend, time spent on social networking sites, number of social networks used, Internet addiction, problematic mobile phone use, Facebook intrusion, fear of missing out, and depression. These associations show the addictive component of phubbing and its relationship with mental health. The PS-8 is a short and easy-to-administer scale with adequate psychometric properties for measuring phubbing in the Portuguese population. (AU)

The Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on addictive behaviors: an integrative review / O impacto da pandemia COVID-19 em comportamentos aditivos: uma revisão integrativa / El impacto de la pandemia COVID-19 en las conductas adictivas: una revisión integrativa

Addictive behaviors and their impacts have been widely explored. Going through a pandemic moment requires further research since crisis situations involve higher propensity to dependency. The aim of this integrative review was to identify studies that have been conducted so as to explore behaviors related to brain's reward system in a pandemic period, which include substance addiction, internet addiction, gaming and other overusing behaviors. In order to accomplish our objective an integrative search was conducted in CAPES periodicals. Some inclusion and exclusion criteria were used to select the studies and in total (N=12) were explored independently. The results showed that there is an increasingly concern about health care systems, especially for those addicted to substances who need daily support, since addictions habits may have also increased. Behavioral addictions also increased and were exploited in some studies, especially those related to technologies, such as gaming and smartphone usage.

Comportamentos aditivos e seus impactos têm sido amplamente explorados. Passar por um momento de pandemia requer ainda mais pesquisas, pois situações de crise envolvem maior propensão a dependências. O objetivo desta revisão foi identificar estudos conduzidos que exploraram comportamentos relacionados ao sistema de recompensa cerebral em momentos de pandemia, incluindo, adição a substâncias, adição a tecnologias, jogos e outros comportamentos excessivos. Buscando alcançar nossos objetivos, uma pesquisa integrativa foi conduzida nos periódicos da CAPES. Alguns critérios de inclusão e exclusão foram utilizados para selecionar os estudos, e, no total, (N=12) foram explorados independentemente. Os resultados mostraram que existe grande preocupação com relação aos sistemas de saúde, principalmente, para as pessoas que são adictas a substâncias e necessitam de suporte diário, devido ao aumento nos hábitos de adição. Comportamentos aditivos também intensificaram e foram explorados em alguns estudos, especialmente aqueles relacionados às tecnologias, como os jogos e o uso do smartphone.

Las conductas adictivas y su impacto han sido ampliamente explorados. Pasar por una pandemia requiere más investigación, pues las situaciones de crisis implican una mayor propensión a la dependencia. El objetivo de esta revisión fue identificar los estudios realizados que exploran comportamientos relacionados con el sistema de recompensa del cerebro durante una pandemia: adicción a sustancias, adicción a Internet, juegos de azar, entre otras. Se llevó a cabo una búsqueda integrativa en las publicaciones de revistas CAPES utilizando algunos criterios de inclusión y exclusión, y se estudiaron en total (N=12) de forma independiente. Los resultados mostraron que existe una preocupación cada vez mayor por los sistemas de atención de la salud, especialmente para adictos a sustancias que necesitan apoyo diario, debido al posible aumento de los hábitos adictivos. Las adicciones comportamentales relacionadas con tecnologías también aumentaron, especialmente las relacionadas con los juegos y el uso de teléfonos inteligentes.

Prevalence and risk factors for internet gaming disorder

Objectives: To estimate the prevalence of internet gaming disorder (IGD) and associated risk factors in a sample of secondary and postsecondary students from a public federal institution of higher education (Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia) in Southern Brazil. Methods: The study included a sociodemographic questionnaire, the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Self-Report Questionnaire (SRQ-20), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI-BR), the Mini-Social Phobia Inventory (Mini-SPIN), and the Game Addiction Scale (GAS). Finally, IGD was measured with the Brazilian version of the Internet Gaming Disorder Scale-Short-Form (IGDS9-SF), which has been psychometrically validated in this population. Results: Overall, 38.2% (n=212) of the sample exhibited IGD symptoms, with 18.2% (n=101) being classed as at-risk gamers. Regression analysis found IGD to be associated with male gender, severe depressive symptoms, poor sleep quality, increased time spent gaming, and total free time spent gaming (p < 0.001). Conclusions: The prevalence of IGD in this sample was relatively high, and associated risk factors found were similar to those previously reported in the literature. Further studies investigating the epidemiology of IGD in Brazilian samples are warranted to better understand treatment needs and inform preventive measures in this population.

Escala de phubbing para relacionamentos amorosos: evidências de adequação psicométrica / Partner phubbing scale: evidence of psychometric adequacy / Escala de phubbing en la pareja: evidencia de adecuación psicométrica

O presente trabalho foi organizado em dois estudos e teve por objetivo adaptar e buscar evidências de validade e precisão da Escala de Phubbing para Relacionamentos Amorosos (EPRA) para o contexto brasileiro. O Estudo 1 teve a participação de 233 pessoas em relacionamento amoroso, 52,4% eram do sexo feminino, tendo média de idade de 30,9 anos (min. 18, máx. 62 e dp=9,23). pessoas enquanto o Estudo 2 contou com 217 pessoas também em relacionamento amoroso, sendo que 62,2% era do sexo feminino, tendo média de idade de 25 anos (min. 18, máx. 53 e dp=5,98). Em ambos os estudos eles responderam à EPRA e a questões sociodemográficas. Os resultados do Estudo 1 foram a nível exploratório apontando a unidimensionalidade do instrumento com consistência interna de 0,90; no Estudo 2 a análise fatorial confirmatória apontou para bom ajustamento do modelo unidimensional (CFI = 0,99; TLI = 0,99; e RMSEA (IC 90%) = 0,033) com confiabilidade de 0,88. Os dados sugerem que a EPRA é adequada para uso em pesquisas futuras sobre o partner phubbing, visto sua adequação aos parâmetros psicométricos investigados em dois momentos diferentes

This work was organized in two studies and aimed at adapting and validating the Partner Phubbing Scale for the Brazilian reality. Study 1 had the participation of 233 people in a romantic relationship, 52,4% were female, with an average age of 30,9 years (min. 18, max. 62 and SD = 9.23) while Study 2 had 217 people also in a romantic relationship, 62,2% were female, with an average age of 25 years (min. 18, max. 53 and SD = 5,98). In both studies, respondents answered the Partner Phubbing Scale and sociodemographic questions. The results of Study 1 were at the exploratory level evidencing the unidimensionality of the instrument with an internal consistency of 0,90. In Study 2, the confirmatory factor analysis evidenced a good fit of the one-dimensional model (CFI = 0,99; TLI = 0,99; e RMSEA (IC 90%) = 0,033) with reliability of 0,88. The data suggests that the Partner Phubbing Scale is suitable for future research on the phubbing partner, given its adequacy to the psychometric parameters investigated at two different times

El presente trabajo fue organizado en dos estudios y tuvo por objetivo adaptar y validar la Escala Partner Phubbing para la realidad brasileña. El estudio 1 contó con la participación de 233 personas en una relación romántica, el 52,4% eran mujeres, con una edad promedio de 30,9 años (mínimo 18, máximo 62 y DE = 9,23), mientras que el Estudio 2 tenía 217 personas también en una relación romántica, con un 62,2% de mujeres, con una edad promedio de 25 años (mínimo 18, máximo 53 y DE = 5,98). En ambos estudios respondieron a Partner PhubbingScale y a cuestiones sociodemográficas. Los resultados del Estudio 1 fueron a nivel exploratorio, apuntando la unidimensionalidad del instrumento con una consistencia interna de 0,90; en el Estudio 2 el análisis factorial confirmatorio apuntó para un buen ajuste del modelo unidimensional (CFI = 0,99, TLI = 0,99, y RMSEA (IC 90%) = 0,033) con confiabilidad de 0,88. Los datos sugieren que el Partner Phubbing Scale es adecuado para su uso en investigaciones futuras sobre el partner phubbing, visto su adecuación a los parámetros psicométricos investigados en dos momentos diferentes

Smartphone and Facebook addictions share common risk and prognostic factors in a sample of undergraduate students / Dependência de smartphone e dependência de Facebook compartilham fatores de risco e prognósticos em uma amostra de estudantes universitários

Abstract Introduction To improve the comprehension of the interface between smartphone addiction (SA) and Facebook addiction (FA), we hypothesize that the occurrence of both technological addictions correlate, with higher levels of negative consequences. Moreover, we hypothesize that SA is associated with lower levels of social support satisfaction. Methods We recruited a convenience sample of undergraduate students from Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, with age ranging between 18 and 35 years. All subjects completed a self-fulfilled questionnaire comprising sociodemographic data, the Brazilian Smartphone Addiction Inventory (SPAI-BR), the Bergen Scale for Facebook Addiction, the Barrat Impulsivity Scale 11 (BIS-11), the Social Support Satisfaction Scale (SSSS), and the Brief Sensation Seeking Scale (BSSS-8). After completing the questionnaire, the interviewer conducted a Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI). Results In the univariate analysis, SA associated with female gender, with ages 18 to 25 years, FA, substance abuse disorders, major depressive disorder, anxiety disorders, low scores in SSSS, high scores in BSSS-8, and high scores in BIS. The group with SA and FA presented a higher prevalence of substance abuse disorders, depression, and anxiety disorders when compared to the group with SA only. Conclusion In our sample, co-occurrence of SA and FA correlated with higher levels of negative consequences and lower levels of social support satisfaction. These results strongly suggest that SA and FA share some elements of vulnerability. Further studies are warranted to clarify the directions of these associations.

Resumo Introdução Para melhorar a compreensão da interface entre dependência de smartphone (DS) e a dependência de Facebook (DF), avaliamos a hipótese de que a ocorrência simultânea de ambas as dependências corelaciona-se com o número de consequências negativas por elas produzidas. Além disso, avaliamos se a DS está associada a níveis mais baixos de satisfação com o suporte social. Método Recrutamos uma amostra de conveniência de estudantes de graduação da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, na faixa de 18 e 35 anos. Todos os sujeitos preencheram o questionário avaliando dados sociodemográficos e contendo a versão brasileira do Smartphone Addiction Inventory, a Escala de Bergen para DF, a Escala de Impulsividade de Barrat 11 (BIS-11), a Escala de Satisfação com o Suporte Social (SSSS) e a Escala Breve de Busca de Sensações (BSSS-8). Após o preenchimento do questionário, os entrevistadores realizaram a Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview. Resultados Na análise univariada, a DS associou-se ao sexo feminino, pessoas na faixa de idade entre 18 e 25 anos, rastreio para DF, transtornos por uso de substâncias, transtorno depressivo maior, transtornos de ansiedade, baixos escores na SSSS, altos escores na BSSS-8 e altos escores na BIS. O grupo rastreado positivamente para DS e DF apresentou maior prevalência de transtornos por uso de substâncias, depressão e transtornos de ansiedade quando comparado ao grupo rastreado apenas para DS. Conclusão Na amostra avaliada, a comorbidade de DS e DF se correlacionou a níveis mais altos de consequências negativas e níveis mais baixos de satisfação com o suporte social. Esses resultados sugerem que DS e DF compartilham fatores de vulnerabilidade. Estudos adicionais são necessários para esclarecer a direção dessas associações.

Personality beliefs as a predictor of smartphone addiction

Objective The purpose of this study is to determine the relation between smart phone addiction and personality beliefs of university students. Methods A total of 1007 students, 637 females (63.3%) and 370 males (36.7%) participated in the study. "Smart phone addiction scale short form" was used to measure smart phone addiction and "personality beliefs scale" was used to identify personality beliefs. Results According to the performed multiple regression analysis, it was found out that dependent, antisocial, narcissist, histrionic, borderline, paranoid personality, schizoid personality, obsessive compulsive personality, passive-aggressive personality and avoidant personality beliefs predicted smart phone addiction at significant level (R = 0.38, R2 = 0.15, p < 0.001). The mentioned variables explain 15% of the variance. An examination of the t-test shows that dependent personality (t = 5.585, p < 0.001), passive-aggressive personality (t = -4.485, p < .001) and paranoid personality (t = 2.901, p < .01) belief among the mentioned variables are a significant predictor of smart phone addiction. Discussion The obtained results show that dependent, passive-aggressive and paranoid personality beliefs are a significant predictor of smart phone addiction. Research findings are discussed in the light of relevant literature.

Comorbid addictive behaviors in disordered gamblers with psychosis

Objective: While it has been shown that disordered gamblers with psychosis are at increased risk for comorbid psychopathology, it is unclear whether this dual-diagnosis population is also at greater risk of problematic engagement with comorbid addictive behaviors. Methods: We tested for association between disordered gambling with psychosis and comorbid addictive behaviors in a sample of 349 treatment-seeking disordered gamblers. Results: Twenty-five (7.2%) disordered gamblers met criteria for psychosis. Disordered gamblers with psychosis were no more likely to meet diagnostic criteria for current alcohol/substance use disorder than disordered gamblers without psychosis. However, this dual-disorder population reported greater misuse of shopping, food bingeing, caffeine, and prescription drugs. When controlling for multiple comparisons, binge eating was the only addictive behavior to remain significant. Conclusion: Given these findings, a comprehensive assessment of addictive behaviors - specifically food bingeing - in this population may be warranted.

Craving en adicciones conductuales: propuesta de un modelo teórico explicativo en la adicción a facebook y mensajería instantánea / Craving in behavioral addictions: proposal of an explicative theoretical model in addiction to facebook and Instant messaging

El craving se define como el deseo o ansias por introducir una sustancia en el cuerpo. La American Psychiatric Association ha propuesto que para adicciones conductuales, que implican el realizar algún tipo de acción, se consideren los mismos criterios que para una adicción a sustancias. Las naturalezas de los objetos son diferentes por lo que surge el desafío de analizar si el abordaje de las adicciones conductuales debe realizarse bajo los criterios de una adicción a sustancias. Se seleccionaron 23 artículos sobre la materia los que permitieron elaborar un modelo teórico explicativo de craving hacia Facebook y Mensajería instantánea. El modelo consta de tres dimensiones: intensidad del deseo, grado de control y expectativas de calma. Se propone estudiar la forma en que estas dimensiones se presentan en adicciones conductuales para reconstruir el concepto en este campo, y generar un instrumento que permita su evaluación.

Craving is defined as the desire to introduce a substance in the body. The American Psychiatric Association proposed to research if behavioral addictions can be assessed with the substance addictions criteria. Nature of both objects are different so the challenge of analyze if assessment of behavioral addictions can be done with the same criteria of substance addictions. 23 articles about substance addictions were selected to elaborate a theoretical explicative model of craving to start research craving to Facebook and Instant Messaging. The model consists of three dimensions: desire intensity, degree of control and calm expectations. It is proposed to study how these dimensions are in behavioral addictions to rebuild the concept in this area, and generate an instrument to asses it.

Ansiedad social, adicción al internet y al cibersexo: su relación con la percepción de salud / Social anxiety, Internet and Cibersex addiction: its relationship with health perception

Resumen Se realizó una investigación cuantitativa, descriptiva, correlacional de corte transversal, para describir la posible relación entre la ansiedad social, la adicción a internet y al cibersexo, con la percepción de bienestar subjetivo y de malestar físico. Participaron 214 adultos jóvenes, con edades entre los 18 y 30 años, de la ciudad de Bogotá, Colombia. Los resultados evidenciaron un nivel bajo en el comportamiento de las variables y relaciones significativas, con diferencias en función del sexo, siendo en las mujeres la relación significativa y positiva entre la adicción al internet y la adición al cibersexo con la percepción de malestar físico, y en los hombres, significativa y negativa entre la adicción al internet y al cibersexo con la percepción de bienestar subjetivo. Se discuten los resultados y sus implicaciones, para el mejoramiento del bienestar y la calidad de vida del adulto joven.

Abstract A quantitative, descriptive and correlational research was done, with Cross - sectional design, with the aim to describe the possible significant relationship between the social anxiety, internet use addiction and Cybersex addiction, with the perception of subjective well-being and physical discomfort. Participants were 214 young adults, women and men with ages between 18 to 30 years old; all of them from the city of Bogotá, Colombia. The results showed low level measures in all of the variables with significant relationships between them. Also, showed significant differences depending on gender. For women, the relationship was stronger and positive between the internet and cybersex addiction and their perception of physical discomfort, for men was stronger and negative between internet and cybersex addiction and their subjective well-being perception. The results are discussed and its implications, in order to improve the well-being and the quality of life of the young adults.

Evidências de validade da escala de paixão pelo trabalho em amostras brasileiras / Validity evidences of passion towards work scale in Brazilian samples / Evidencias de validez de la escala de pasión por el trabajo en muestras brasileñas

O estudo adaptou e reuniu evidências de validade de estrutura interna, convergente e de consistência interna da Escala de Paixão pelo Trabalho no contexto brasileiro. A amostra foi composta por 504 trabalhadores brasileiros de ambos os sexos (55% do sexo feminino) e idade média de 33,32 anos. Os articipantes responderam presencialmente ou na versão on-line a instrumentos para avaliação da paixão pelo trabalho e de sentimentos e atitudes positivas e negativas em relação a ele. As análises fatoriais confirmatórias evidenciaram que a versão brasileira da escala reproduziu integralmente a estrutura original do instrumento, composta por 14 itens e dois fatores (Paixão Harmoniosa e Paixão Obsessiva). Tais dimensões apresentaram correlações positivas ou negativas com atitudes e sentimentos positivos ou negativos em relação ao trabalho, conforme hipotetizado. Concluiu-se que o instrumento apresentou propriedades psicométricas que recomendam seu uso em investigações futuras destinadas a avaliar o grau da paixão pelo trabalho. (AU)

The study adapted and gathered evidence of internal structure, convergent validity and internal consistency of the Passion For Work Scale in the Brazilian context. The sample consisted of 504 Brazilian workers of both sexes (55% female) with a mean age of 33.32 years. Participants answered presential or online versions of the instruments for the evaluation of passion for work and positive and negative feelings and attitudes towards work. The confirmatory factor analysis showed that the Brazilian version of the scale fully reproduced the original instrument internal structure, consisting of 14 items and two factors (Harmonious Passion and Obsessive Passion). These factors showed positive or negative correlations with attitudes and sentiments towards work, as predicted by the hypotheses. It was concluded that the instrument presented psychometric properties that recommend its use in future studies to assess the degree of passion for work. (AU)

El estudio adaptó y reunió evidencias de validez de estructura interna, convergente y de consistencia interna de la Escala de Pasión por el Trabajo en el contexto brasileño. La muestra fue compuesta por 504 trabajadores brasileños de ambos sexos (55% sexo femenino) con edad media de 33,32 años. Los participantes respondieron presencialmente y en la versión online a instrumentos para evaluar la pasión por el trabajo y las actitudes y sentimientos positivos y negativos direccionados al mismo. Análisis factoriales confirmatorios mostraron que la escala reprodujo integralmente la estructura original del instrumento, compuesto por 14 ítems y dos factores ( Pasión Armoniosa y Pasión Obsesiva). Tales dimensiones mostraron correlaciones positivas o negativas con actitudes y sentimientos positivos o negativos direccionados al trabajo, como estaba previsto por las hipótesis. Se llegó a la conclusión de que el instrumento presentó propiedades psicométricas que recomiendan su uso en futuras investigaciones destinadas a evaluar el grado de pasión por el trabajo. (AU)

Work addiction and quality of life: a study with physicians / Adição ao trabalho e qualidade de vida: um estudo com médicos

ABSTRACT Objective To evaluate the quality of life of physicians and investigate to what extent it is affected by work addiction. Methods This is an exploratory, descriptive and cross-sectional study, conducted with 1,110 physicians. For data collection, we used a questionnaire with sociodemographic information, the World Health Organization Quality of Life BREF, and the Work Addiction Scale. Results Most physicians presented high quality of life. Female participants presented lower quality of life in the domains psychologic, environment and general (p<0.05). Quality of life was negatively correlated with the number of shifts (p<0.005). The higher the addiction to work, the lower the quality of life. Conclusion The research allowed understanding the implications of work addiction in the quality of life. Further studies are required to support the development of strategies that improve health conditions and quality of life of medical professionals.

RESUMO Objetivo Avaliar a qualidade de vida de médicos e investigar em que medida a adição ao trabalho a afeta. Métodos Trata-se de um estudo exploratório, descritivo e transversal, realizado com 1.110 médicos. Para coleta de dados, optou-se por utilizar um questionário contendo informações sociodemográficas, bem como aplicar o instrumento World Health Organization Quality of Life-BREF e a Escala de Adição ao Trabalho. Resultados Os médicos, em sua maioria, apresentaram alta qualidade de vida. Os participantes do sexo feminino tiveram menor qualidade de vida em relação aos homens nos domínios psicológico, meio ambiente e geral (p<0,05). A qualidade de vida correlacionou-se negativamente com o número de plantões (p<0,005), e quanto maior a adição ao trabalho, menor a qualidade de vida. Conclusão A pesquisa permitiu o conhecimento das implicações da adição ao trabalho sobre a qualidade de vida. Novos estudos são necessários para subsidiar a elaboração de estratégias que melhorem a saúde e a qualidade de vida do profissional médico.

Sexual addiction in drug addicts: The impact of drug of choice and poly-addiction / Dependência sexual em dependentes químicos: o impacto de diferentes drogas de escolha e de polidependência

Summary Objective: To compare the risk of comorbid sexual addiction in a sample of individuals with a diagnosis of substance dependence, stratifying the sample by drug of choice as well as by mono versus polysubstance addiction. Method: All data were collected at Santa Casa de São Paulo, Brazil. The study sample comprised all alcohol or drug dependents admitted to the Addiction Treatment Unit between November 2013 and August 2014. A generalized linear model with a binomial distribution was performed to compare the odds of having a Sexual Addiction Screening Test (SAST) score greater than 6 points in the subgroups analyzed. Results: A total of 133 participants were included in our analysis, all reporting cocaine/crack and/or alcohol as drug of choice. Polysubstance addicts had a significant higher risk of a positive screening for sexual addiction compared to monosubstance addicts, age-sex adjusted odds ratios of sexual addiction being respectively 2.72 (95CI 1.1-6.71) and 0.37 (95CI 0.15-0.91). The odds of a SAST score greater than 6 was not statistically different between the cocaine/crack and alcohol groups, respectively 0.38 (95CI 0.14-1.02) and 2.67 (95CI 0.98-7.25). We found a significant relation between stronger drug addiction and greater levels of sexual addiction in the cocaine/crack group (p=0.0012), but not in the alcohol group. Conclusion: Our study reinforces the importance of assessing sexual behavior of drug addicts in clinical practice, especially considering users of multiple substances or with severe dependence.

Resumo Objetivo: Comparar o risco de dependência sexual em uma amostra de indivíduos com diagnóstico de dependência química, estratificados por droga de escolha e por dependência única ou de múltiplas substâncias. Método: Todos os dados foram coletados na Santa Casa de São Paulo, Brasil. A amostra estudada correspondeu a todos os indivíduos dependentes de álcool ou outras substâncias admitidos no Ambulatório de Dependência Química entre novembro de 2013 e agosto de 2014. Modelos lineares generalizados com distribuição binomial foram utilizados para comparar o risco de escores maiores que seis na Escala de Rastreamento para Dependência de Sexo (SAST) nos subgrupos analisados. Resultados: Foram analisados os dados de 133 pacientes usuários de cocaína/crack e/ou álcool. Usuários de múltiplas substâncias apresentaram risco significativamente maior de um screening positivo para dependência sexual comparados com usuários de uma única substância. Os odds ratios de dependência sexual ajustados por sexo e idade obtidos nos dois grupos foram, respectivamente, 2.72 (IC95% 1.1-6.71) e 0.37 (IC95% 0.15-0.91). O risco de dependência sexual entre usuários de cocaína/crack e álcool foi estimado, respectivamente, em 0.38 (IC95% 0.14-1.02) e 2.67 (IC95% 0.98-7.25), não indicando diferença significativa. Foi encontrada uma relação significativa entre severidade de dependência química e maiores níveis de dependência sexual entre dependentes de cocaína/crack, mas não de álcool. Conclusão: Nosso estudo reforça a importância de avaliar o comportamento sexual de dependentes químicos na prática clínica, especialmente considerando usuários de múltiplas substâncias, ou casos de maior severidade.

"No sin mi Smartphone": elaboración y validación de la Escala de Dependencia y Adicción al Smartphone (EDAS) / "Not without my Smartphone": development and validation of the Dependency and Addiction to Smartphone Scale (EDAS)

En los últimos años asistimos a la extensión de los Smartphones, cuya funcionalidad y versatilidad los convierten en una herramienta que impacta sobremanera en la vida diaria y las relaciones de sus usuarios. Pese a sus incuestionables ventajas, se observan problemas asociados a su uso problemático, que puede provocar adicción y dependencia. Esto justifica nuestro estudio, cuyo objetivo es la elaboración y validación de una escala que evalúe el uso problemático de las aplicaciones asociadas a los Smartphone, adaptada a la realidad actual, creada y validada en lengua hispana y destinada a población adulta. En la investigación participaron 820 personas, en su mayoría estudiantes de la Universidad de Jaén (España). El rango de edad oscilaba de 18 a 40 años (M = 22,38, Dt = 4,53), siendo un 69,3% mujeres y un 30,7% hombres. Los análisis estadísticos dieron lugar a una herramienta final constituída por 40 ítems y tres componentes.

In recent years, we are witnessing the spread of Smartphones, whose functionality and versatility make them a tool with a noticeable impact in users' daily life and social relatinships. Despite its unquestionable advantages, some problems connected to their problematic use (which can lead to addition and dependence) are observed. Due to it, we decided to undertake the present research, whose main aim is the development and validation of a scale to measure the problematic use of Spartphones applications, adapted to the current reality, created and validated in Spanish language and directed to adults. The study included 820 people, mostly students from the University of Jaén (Spain). The ages ranged from 18 to 40 years (M = 22,38, Dt = 4,53). Regarding gender, 69,3% were women, and the remaining 30,7% were men. Statistical analysis resulted in a final tool comprised of 40 items and three components.

A serenidade e a filha do amor: dissonâncias em love child / Serenity and the daughter of love: dissonances in love child / La serenidad y la hija del amor: disonancias en love child

Nesse documentário sul-coreano, um casal de Hwaseong tenta sobreviver angariando fundos por meio de um jogo na internet. Para tanto, eles frequentam intensamente um cybercafé e, para jogarem por mais tempo de forma mais econômica, compram pacotes de horários. No jogo, têm de vencer várias fases e, para isso, uma personagem avatar, mescla de fada e criança, necessita de cuidados especiais para poder conduzir os jogadores à vitória. Em uma manhã, de volta para casa depois de jogarem por mais de dez horas seguidas, encontram sua filha de três meses morta por desnutrição. O filme acompanha o período de julgamento desse casal por negligência e assassinato de incapaz e revela-se como o primeiro caso de adicção de jogos da internet – perfil psicológico que permite atenuação da pena imputada aos pais de Sarang.

In this South Korean documentary, a couple from Hwaseong tries to survive by raising funds through aninternet game. In order to do so, they attend a cybercafé extensively and, to play for a longer time in a more economical way, they buy time-based rate packages. In the game, a couple has to win several stages and for this an avatar character, a mix of fairy and child, needs special care to be able to lead the players to victory.One morning, back to home after playing for more than ten hours in a row, they find their three-month-old daughter died of malnutrition. The movie follows the trial of this couple charged of negligence and murder of the incapable and it is revealed as the first case of internet games addiction - psychological profile that allows mitigation of the punishment imputed to Sarang’s parents.

En ese documental de Corea del Sur, una pareja de Hwaseong intenta sobrevivir por medio de recaudación de fondos en un juego de internet. Por eso, frecuentan hasta el agotamiento un cibercafé. Para jugar demasiado a precios bajos, ellos compran paquetes horarios. En el juego, la pareja tiene de superar diversas etapas y un personaje avatar, mezcla de hada y niño, necesita cuidados especiales para conducir a los jugadores hasta la victoria. De vuelta a casa por la mañana, después de jugar durante más de diez horas seguidas, descubren que su hija de tres meses de edad es muerta por desnutrición. La película sigue el período de juicio de esta pareja por el crimen de negligencia y asesinato de incapaz y es el primer caso de la adicción de juegos de internet - perfil psicológico que permite la atenuación de la pena de los padres de Sarang.

Análisis psicométrico del inventario de sintomatología prefrontal en sujetos adictos y no adictos / Psychometric analysis inventory prefrontal symptoms addicted and non-addicted subjetcs

El objetivo de la presente investigación fue estudiar las propiedades psicométricas en términos de confiabilidad y validez del Inventario de Sintomatología Prefrontal (ISP) en una muestra de pacientes adictos y no adictos venezolanos. Para ello, se aplicaron el ISP y la Escala de comportamiento de sistemas frontales (FrSBe-Sp) en una muestra de 689 personas, de las cuales 338 eran adictas y 351 no adictas, con edades comprendidas entre 17 y 70 añosde edad. Se realizó una adaptación lingüística a los ítems que conforman el test que resultó adecuada. En cuanto a la confiabilidad utilizando el coeficiente Alpha de Cronbach se obtuvo un alfa=0.93 para el Totalde la prueba y para cada una de las dimensiones. En lo que respecta a la validez de constructo,por medio de un Análisis Factorial con-firmatorio se obtuvo una estructuratrifactorial que explica el 33.5 por ciento de la varianza total. En referencia a la diferenciación de grupos, se encontró una diferencia significativa entre el grupo de adictos y el grupo de no adictos para el total del test (t(337)11.70; p=0.000)y cada una de sus dimensiones, resultando medias mayores para el primero. Asimismo, en lo que respecta a la validez de criterio se encontraron amplias correlaciones entre el ISP y el FrSBe-Sp (r=0.204 -0,484). Los datos obtenidos sugieren que el ISP, es una herramienta útil y con adecuadas propiedades psicométricas para evaluar la sintomatología prefrontal en indivi-duos adictos a distintas sustancias psicotrópicas.

The objective of this research was studying the psychometric properties in terms of reliability and validity of the Prefrontal Symptoms Inventory(PSI)in a sample of addicted and non-addicted Venezuelan patients. For this, the PSI and the frontal systems behavior scale (FrSBe-Sp) were applied to a sample of 689 people, 338 of which were addicted and 351 non-addicted, with ages between 17 and 70 years old. A linguistic adaptation was realized to the items that form the test that resulted adequate. As for the reliability using the Cronbach Alpha factor, it was obtained an alpha= 0.93 for the total of the test and for each of its dimen-sions. Regarding the construct validity, by a confirmatory factorial analysis it was obtained one three-factor structure that explains 33.5 percent of the total variance. Referring to the group differentiation, it was found a significant difference between the addicted group and the non-addicted group for the total of the test (t 11.70; p = 0.000) and each of its dimensions, resulting in larger averages for the first one. Also, regarding the criterion validity, broad correlations between the PSI and FrSBe-Sp (-0.484 r = 0.204) were found. The data obtained suggest that the PSI is a useful tool and it has adequate psychometric properties to assess the prefrontal symptoms in addicted individuals to various psychoactive substances.

Características del uso de Internet en los cibercafés / Characteristics of Internet use in cybercafes

En este artículo se analizan las características del uso de Internet en una muestra de 93 jóvenes usuarios de cibercafés de la ciudad de Concepción (Chile). Fueron evaluados mediante dos instrumentos: el Cuestionario de Datos Sociodemográficos y Hábitos de Uso de Internet y el Cuestionario de Experiencias Relacionadas con Internet (CERI), que evalúa específicamente el uso problemático de la red. Los resultados mostraron que la mayor parte de los usuarios de los cibercafés eran hombres que utilizaban Internet con fines lúdicos o de comunicación. El tiempo medio de uso era de 2.5 horas por sesión, y la aplicación más utilizada era el correo electrónico. Los usuarios con puntuaciones más altas en el CERI eran aquellos que utilizaban los juegos de rol online (MMORPG) y Youtube. En estos casos, la principal motivación para el juego era de carácter social-relacional, todos eran hombres y pasaban hasta 12 horas seguidas en el cibercafé.

This article discusses the pattern of Internet use from 93 young users of cybercafés in the city of Concepción (Chile). Two instruments were administrated: a questionnaire about Sociodemographic Data and Internet habits and another one about Internet problematic use (CERI). Additionally, the main motivation for using the Internet was analyzed. The results showed that most users of cybercafés were men and the frequented this place in search of games or communication. The users spent an average of 2.5 hours per session and email was the most used service. Users with higher scores in CERI were those of role playing games (MMORPG) and youtube. The main motivation of MMORPG players was social-relational. All players were men and spent extended periods in the cybercafé (up to 12 hours).

Convenção-Quadro para o Controle do Tabaco: adesão e implantação na América Latina / WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control: adherence and establishment in Latin America

OBJETIVO:Traçar o panorama de adesão mundial à Convenção-Quadro para o Controle do Tabaco (CQCT) e descrever a implantação das medidas preconizadas pela CQCT em países latino-americanos. MÉTODOS: Este estudo descritivo baseou-se em análise de dados secundários para determinar o status de adesão, no ano de 2015, dos países das seis regiões definidas pela Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) à CQCT. Depois disso, realizou-se um mapeamento da implantação, até o ano de 2012, das medidas preconizadas pela CQCT no total de Estados Partes e particularmente em 12 Estados Partes latino-americanos. Finalmente, Brasil, Chile, Colômbia, México e Venezuela foram avaliados quanto ao grau de implantação da CQCT (incipiente, intermediária e avançada). Foram consideradas neste passo medidas englobadas por quatro eixos - redução da demanda por tabaco, redução da oferta de tabaco, redução dos danos ao ambiente e à saúde das pessoas causados pelo tabaco e apoio ao abandono do tabaco. RESULTADOS: Até agosto de 2015, 180 países haviam ingressado no rol de Estados Partes da CQCT. Considerando os 126 países que enviaram relatórios de progresso global da implantação no ciclo de 2012, as medidas mais prevalentes adotadas referiam-se à proteção contra a exposição à fumaça do tabaco (83,0% para o total de países e 100% para o conjunto de países latinoamericanos). Entre os cinco países selecionados para análise detalhada, as medidas destinadas à redução da demanda e da oferta do tabaco foram as mais frequentes. As medidas relacionadas à redução de danos ao ambiente foram raras. Brasil e México apresentaram a situação mais avançada de implantação entre os países estudados. CONCLUSÕES: A América Latina apresentou uma alta proporção de Estados Partes que implantaram as medidas preconizadas pela CQCT. A heterogeneidade da situação de implantação nos cinco países selecionados sugere que as políticas de controle de tabaco são condicionadas por particularidades nacionais.

OBJECTIVE: To draw an overview of the adherence of countries around the world to the World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (WHO FCTC) and to describe the establishment of WHO FCTC recommended measures in Latin American countries. METHODS: This descriptive study was based on analysis of documents and secondary data to determine the status of countries from the six WHO regions regarding adherence to the FCTC. After that, the establishment of recommended measures until the year 2012 was mapped in all States Parties and particularly in 12 Latin American States Parties. Finally, the degree to which FCTC measures had been established in Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Mexico, and Venezuela was assessed (incipient, intermediate, or advanced). This step took into consideration the measures covered by four domains - reduction in the demand for tobacco, reduction in the offer of tobacco, reduction in damage to the environment and to the health of people caused by tobacco, and support for quitting the use of tobacco. RESULTS: Until August 2015, 180 countries had joined as States Parties to the FCTC. Considering the 126 countries that submitted global progress reports in the 2012 cycle, the most prevalent measures adopted referred to the protection against exposure to tobacco smoke (83.0% for all countries and 100% for the group of Latin American countries). Among the five countries selected for detailed analysis, the measures referring to the reduction of demand and offer of tobacco were the most frequent. Measures focused on reducing environmental damage were rare. Brazil and Mexico had the most advanced FCTC status among the studied countries. CONCLUSIONS: Latin America presented a high proportion of States Parties with established FCTC recommended measures. The heterogeneity of the FCTC status in the five selected countries suggests that the implementation of tobacco control policies depends on specific aspects of each country.

Asociación entre adicción a la comida y estado nutricional en universitarios chilenos / Association between food addiction and nutritional status in Chilean college students

Background: High calorie foods, especially high in sugar and sodium may have an addictive potential. Experimental rats are able to develop symptoms and neurochemical changes, comparable to those observed in drug abuse, when they are exposed intermittently to sucrose. Aim: To evaluate the association between nutritional status and the prevalence of food addiction in Chilean college students. Material and Methods: Food addiction was assessed using the Yale Food Addiction Scale in 292 Chilean students aged 18-39 years (35% males). Height and weight were measured and body mass index (weight/height²) was calculated. Results: Eleven percent of participants met the criteria for food addiction. Women had a higher prevalence than men (14.4% and 4.8%, respectively). Thirty percent of individuals with a body mass index over 30 kg/m² met the criteria for food addiction. Conclusions: In these Chilean students, food addiction was more prevalent in women and a higher prevalence was observed in obese individuals.

Prevalencia estimada de juego patológico en estudiantes de la Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, año 2013 / Estimated prevalence of pathological gambling among college students of the Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, 2013

INTRODUCCIÓN: Las adicciones conductuales se caracterizan por una pérdida del control del sujeto sobre una determinada conducta, siendo el juego patológico (JP) la más estudiada de ellas. El JP se asocia con graves problemas académicos, alcoholismo, depresión y suicidio por lo que es fundamental saber su prevalencia en la población universitaria. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la prevalencia de potenciales ludópatas entre estudiantes regulares de pregrado de la Universidad Austral de Chile durante el año 2013. MATERIAL Y MÉTODO: Estudio descriptivo de corte transversal. A fines de 2013 se invitó a participar de una encuesta de auto aplicación on-line a los estudiantes de la Universidad Austral de Chile. Esta incluyó el cuestionario sobre JP basado en los criterios DSM-IV-TR y DSM V. El punto de corte para determinar potencial adicción fue de 5/10 criterios. Se utilizó Microsoft Excel para análisis. RESULTADOS: Se recopilaron 1.613 encuestas, siendo 1.254 válidas. La muestra se conformó por hombres: 53,9% y mujeres: 46,09%, la edad media correspondió a 21,62 años. El 6,38% (n=80) puede ser catalogado como potenciales jugadores patológicos. De ellos, el 77,5% (n=62) fueron hombres y 22,5% (n=18) mujeres. Si se compara la prevalencia obtenida con DSM-IV-TR y DSM V esta aumenta en un 60% con DSM V respecto al anterior. DISCUSIÓN: La prevalencia estimada de JP en este estudio es similar a la de otros países. Hay marcado predominio de hombres. Se aprecia importante diferencia en la prevalencia dependiendo de qué criterio diagnóstico se use

INTRODUCTION: Behavioral addictions are characterized by a loss of control of the subject over a certain behavior, being pathological gambling (JP) the most studied of them. JP is associated with serious academic problems, alcoholism, depression and suicide, so it is essential to know its prevalence in the university population. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of potential gamblers among regular undergraduate students of the Austral University of Chile during 2013. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Descriptive study of transverse cut. At the end of 2013, the students of the Austral University of Chile were invited to participate in an online self-application survey. This included the JP questionnaire based on the DSM-IV-TR and DSM V criteria. The cut-off point for determining potential addiction was 5/10 criteria. Microsoft Excel was used for analysis. RESULTS: 1,613 surveys were collected, 1,254 of which were valid. The sample was made up of 53.9% men and 46.09% women, the mean age was 21.62 years. 6.38% (n = 80) can be classified as potential pathological players. Of these, 77.5% (n = 62) were men and 22.5% (n = 18) were women. If the prevalence obtained with DSM-IV-TR and DSM V is compared, it increases by 60% with DSM V compared to the previous one. DISCUSSION: The estimated prevalence of JP in this study is similar to that of other countries. There is a marked predominance of men. There is a significant difference in prevalence depending on which diagnostic criterion is used.

Association of Personality Traits and Risk of Internet Addiction in Adolescents

PURPOSE: This cross-sectional, descriptive study analyzes the association between personality traits and internet addiction in adolescents. METHODS: The study was conducted with 328 adolescents attending two high schools in the Aegean region of Turkey. The data were collected using a sociodemographic information questionnaire, the Internet Addiction Scale and the Adjective Based Personality Scale from students who gave their informed consent to participate. Data were assessed by descriptive statistics, t tests, and logistic regression analysis, using SPSS software. RESULTS: The students had an average age of 16.43 +/- 1.47 years and 40.5% were female. The percentage of subjects at risk of internet addiction was 15.9% (n = 52), and 42.4% (n = 22) of them reported that the amounts of time they spent online was acceptable. We found statistically significant differences in the average subdimensional scores for extraversion (t = 2.310, p < .050) and openness to experience (t = 3.35, p < .001), and between students at risk of internet addiction (n = 52) and those who were not (n = 276). CONCLUSIONS: Adolescents who were found to be at risk of internet addiction nevertheless reported on the survey questionnaires that the amount of time they spent online was acceptable. The study determined that participants' risk of internet addiction was associated with their levels of extraversion and openness to experience.